27.12.2010
52: Askebeger
Med dette siste innlegget takker vi alle blogglesere for følget gjennom 2010, og ønsker publikum et godt nytt år.
This ashtray is shaped as the brick building at Falstad, and is without doubt made in the pottery of the SS camp. The ashtray was given to the first Falstad Museum in the 1980s.
With this last post we thank our readers for following us in 2010, and wish you all a happy new year.
24.12.2010
51: Julaften 1944
Til selve julefeiringen ble det skrevet et detaljert program på tysk, godkjent av leirmyndighetene: "Für Weihnachten wird der Speisesaal mit "GOD JUL" an der Wand gegen der Küche dekoriert. In den 12 Zwischenräumen zwischen den Fenstern werden zweiärmige Leuchter mit Kerzen aufgehängt." (Til jul blir spisesalen dekorert med "God jul" på veggen mot kjøkkenet. I de tolv mellomrommene mellom vinduene skal det henges toarmede lysestaker med lys). ”Vi har pyntet overalt til jul”, skrev Karl Jenssen i sin dagbok.
Kl. 18.00 samlet mange av fangene seg i spisesalen. Her ønsket Ørnulf Norgård velkommen, før forsamlingen sang "Glade jul", akkompagnert av en strykekvartett med to fioliner (Dagfinn Flem og Hans Mittet), en bratsj (Kaare Hake Pettersen) og cello (John Lund Hanssen). Strykekvartetten spilte flere julesanger og norske viser. Koch var julenisse og delte ut pakker. De som ikke fikk pakke av sine egne fikk store pakker fra Røde Kors. Leirens eldste og meste fremtredende fanger ble tildelt ’æresbevis’ og karikaturer.
På kvelden var det felles bespisning og fest i pyntede brakker. I en brakke ble det sunget julesalmer på følgende språk etter tur: russisk, finsk, norsk, svensk, polsk, tsjekkisk, serbisk, fransk, hollandsk, dansk, jugoslavisk og javanesisk. ”Aldri har jeg sunget så mye på en kveld” skrev Hilmar Hansen.
Several diaries describe the last Christmas in Falstad prison camp. Two of these were written by Karl Jenssen and Hilmar Hansen. We get to know that it was rainy and muddy in the camp area, and planks were laid as a bridge across the courtyard. During the last day, many prisoners were released, and in the afternoon 15 new prisoners arrived the camp. "We are about 750 men," Hilmar Hansen wrote .
For the Christmas celebration a detailed program was written in German, and approved by the camp authorities: "Für Weihnachten wird der Speisesaal mit "GOD JUL" an der Wand gegen der Küche dekoriert. In den 12 Zwischenräumen zwischen den Fenstern werden zweiärmige Leuchter mit Kerzen aufgehängt." (For Christmas the dining hall is decorated with "Merry Christmas" on the wall towards the kitchen. In the twelve spaces between the windows there shall be candelabra). "We have decorated everywhere for Christmas," Karl Jenssen wrote in his diary.
At 6 pm the prisoners gathered in the dining hall. Here Ørnulf Norgård welcomed, before the assembly sang "Happy Christmas", accompanied by a string quartet with two violins (Dagfinn Flem and Hans Mittet), a viola (Kaare Hake Pettersen) and cello (John Lund Hanssen). The string quartet played several Christmas carols and Norwegian songs. Koch acted as Santa Claus and handed out gifts. Those who did not receive gifts from their families, were given large packages from the Red Cross. The camp's oldest and most prominent prisoners were assigned to 'honor' and caricatures.
In the evening there was dining and celebration in the decorated barracks. In one barrack Christmas carols were sung in the following languages: Russian, Finnish, Norwegian, Swedish, Polish, Czech, Serbian, French, Dutch, Danish, Yugoslav, and Javanese. "I have never sung so much in one night" Hilmar Hansen wrote.
13.12.2010
50: Julekort fra kvinneavdelingen
Liv Haug ble arrestert i august 1944, og kom til Falstad i begynnelsen av september. Hun ble satt på kvinneavdelingen i 2. etasje, og arbeidet på vaskeriet i kjelleren. Ved juletider 1944 ble hun løslatt, men før hun reiste hjem fikk hun dette kortet fra medfangen "AF" på kvinneavdelingen. Initialene tilsier at det dreier seg om Astrid Fredriksen.
Gjør det festlig likevel,
Selvom vi er sperret inde
Fordi vi nu engang er Kvinde
:/: Oppå loftet for oss selv:/:
Glade smil og godt humør
Trænges her som aldrig før.
Vi har alle fælles længsel,
Å komme ut av dette fængsel
:/: La os glemme det ikveld:/:
Vi sitter her ved festlig bord
No'n fra syd og no'n fra nord
La os synge dog og tralle
De kjære julesanger alle,
Spise, drikke, være glad
Julekvelden på Falstad
Liv Haug was arrested in August 1944 and arrived Falstad in the early September. She was imprisoned at the women's division in the upper floor, and worked in the laundry in the basement. At Christmas 1944 she was released. Before she left the camp she got this card from a fellow prisoner "AF". The only female prisoner who matches these initials is Astrid Fredriksen.
It is with great delight
We welcome you here tonight
Though we women are locked away
Let this evening be fun anyway
Let’s turn our attic life from grey to bright
(...)
06.12.2010
49: Innherad tvangsarbeidsleir i vinterdrakt
Slik framstod Innherad tvangsarbeidsleir en vinterdag sist på 1940-tallet. Leiren ble etablert like etter frigjøringen i mai 1945, og fungerte fram til 1949. I tillegg til eksisterende bygningsmasse fra SS Strafgefangenlager Falstad, ble det i disse årene oppført noen nye bygninger, bl.a. smie og vaktbrakke. De fleste brakkebygningene ble revet kort tid etter at tvangsarbeidsleiren ble avviklet.
This picture shows Innherad tvangsarbeidsleir (labour camp for collaborators) a winter's day in the late 1940s. This camp was established short time after Liberation in May 1945, and existed until 1949. During these years several new buildings were added to the former SS Strafgefangenenlager Falstad, for instance a black-smith shop and a guard barrack. Most of the barracks were removed a short time after the labour camp was closed down.
29.11.2010
48: Porsgrund-kopp med hakekors
The Falstad Centre’s educator Åshild Karevold found this broken cup by coincidence in 2008. It was partly covered in earth, in the outskirts of the former camp area at Falstad. The cup was produced by the Norwegian porcelain manufactory Porsgrund, and is decorated with Nazi Germany's coat of arms. Perhaps there are more treasures like this to be found in the camp area?
22.11.2010
47: En gestapist av tre
Da Falstad museum åpnet i 1985, forærte Johan Moan en trefigur til museet. Figuren forestiller en tysk gestapist i full størrelse, iført uniform og med torturredskapet nihalet katt i hånda. Gjenstanden var en omdiskutert del av samlingen, og stod mye av tida bortsatt på et rom utenfor utstillingen.
Johan Moan hadde selv vært fange på Falstad i februar–mars 1944. Han ble senere overført til Trondheim. Etter langvarig tortur greide han å rømme fra Rinnans bandekloster i Jonsvannsveien.
Etter krigen formidlet Johan Moan sine krigsopplevelser gjennom skriftlige beretninger. Han laget også flere gjenstander som er tegn på bearbeiding av vonde minner.
De første planene om å lage denne figuren kom til uttrykk i et leserinnlegg i august 1983: ”Eg trur (...) eg kunne lage eit hovud av ein bjørkkubbe eller olderkubbe. Eit hoved i stil med hovuda til desse yrkesutøvarane. Men om dette hovudet ville få mange poeng under fotografering i ei venleikstevling (skjønnhetskonkurranse) tør eg ikkje lova.”
Johan Moan had been a prisoner at Falstad in February-March 1944. He was later transferred to Trondheim. There he managed to escape from his torturer Henry Rinnan’s residence in Jonsvannsveien.
After the war Johan Moan told about his war-experiences in his memoirs. He also processed his painful memories by making several objects.
His first plans to create this figure were expressed in a newspaper article in August 1983: "(...) I believe I could make a head out of a birch or alder log. A head in the same style as the heads of these “professionals”. But I wouldn’t promiss that this head would get a prize in a beauty contest".
15.11.2010
46: Falstadfangens milspill
Spillebrettet har et sjakkspill på den ene siden, og et milspill (mølle) på den andre. Langs kanten på milspillet er det tegnet inn motiver som assosierer til fangenskap: gittervinduer og håndjern. I midten står teksten ”Vollan-Falstad 1944-1945” og navnet ”Einar Lund.”
Gjenstanden vitner både om kreativitet i fangenskap og om fangenes sosiale fellesskap, som inkluderte spill, sang, kunnskapsutveksling osv.
Gjenstanden ble gitt til museet av Einar H. Lunds familie i 1993.
Prisoner No. 2642, Einar H. Lund (b. 1911) from Støren, was arrested on October 24th 1944 under the so-called "Aktion Granit". From October 27th and until Liberation, he was prisoner at Falstad. According to fellow prisoner Hilmar Hansen's diary, Einar Lund was working in the carpentry workshop in December 1944. This game board is probably one of the objects he made there.
The game board has a chess game on one side and a mill game on the other. Along the edge of the mill game there are motifs associated with captivity: lattice windows and handcuffs. In the middle is the text "Vollan-Falstad 1944-1945" and the name "Einar Lund."
The object tells of prisoners' creativity and about the social life in the camp, which included games, singing, knowledge exchange, etc.
The object was given to the museum by Einar H. Lund's family in 1993.
08.11.2010
45: En bit av en planke
Da den tidligere kommandantboligen i SS-leiren ble pusset opp for få år siden fant de nye eierne en plankebit med en rusten spiker og signaturen ”Jan Jakbowski”. Navnet viser seg å tilhøre en polakk som satt fanget på Falstad i 1943-44. Trolig har han deltatt i byggingen av kommandantboligen.
Fangeregisteret viser at polske Jan Jakubowski (f. 1923), trolig fra Gromnik eller Buchcice like øst for Kraków, ble arrestert 15.7.43, etter flukt fra OT-leiren "Stenvig". Han ble overført til Falstad 13.9.43, og sendt tilbake til Trondheim igjen den 4.3.44. På samme transport var 7 andre fanger. Det antas at fem av disse, alle sovjetiske, ble henrettet på Vollan samme natt. Jan Jakubowski ble løslatt den 6.3. Den 22.9.44 ble han arrestert på ny sammen med to andre polakker, på grunn av arbeidssabotasje i Lager Strinda. Han ble sendt på arbeidskommando på Hell 24.9., tilbake til Vollan 20.10., og videre til Falstad 26.10. Etter kort tid på Falstad kom han til en arbeidskommando på Orkanger, og flyktet derfra 19.11.1944. På et av fangekortene fra Falstad er det ført regnskap for Jan Jakubowski helt fram til 1.3.45. Vi er usikre på hvordan dette skal tolkes. Kanskje er det snakk om et oppgjør gjort uten Jakubowskis tilstedeværelse?
As the former commander's residence at Falstad was renovated a few years ago, the new owners found a piece of plank with a rusty nail and the signature "Jan Jakbowski". The name appears to belong to a Pole who was a prisoner at Falstad in 1943-44. He probably participated in the construction of the building.
The register of prisoners shows that the Pole Jan Jakubowski (b. 1923), probably coming from Gromnik or Buchcice just east of Kraków, was arrested on July 15th 1943, after fleeing from the OT-camp "Stenvig". He was transferred to Falstad September 13th 1943, and sent back to Trondheim again on March 4th 1944. At the same transport were 7 other prisoners. It is believed that five of these, all from the Soviet Union, were executed at Vollan prison the same night. Jan Jakubowski was released on March 6th. On September 9th 1944 he was arrested again along with two other Poles, due to work sabotage in the camp Strinda. He was sent to a camp at Hell (north of Trondheim) on September 24th, back to Vollan on October 20th, and then again to Falstad on October 26th. After a short time at Falstad he was sent to a working command at Orkanger, from which he fled on November 19th 1944. One of the prisoner cards from Falstad has a note dated March 1st 1945. We are uncertain how this should be interpreted. Maybe this is a settlement made without Jakubowskis presence?
01.11.2010
44: Brannen på skolehjemmet
"Den gamle låven brandt ned en dag i november. Jeg var på låven sammen med 3-4 fangekamerater. Vi holdt på med tresking da en skolehjemsgutt ropte: Brann! Vi løp opp på lemmen og tilfeldigvis så Skodje og jeg at det røk i det innerste gulvet. Hadde vi hatt en presenning for hånden, kunne vi hatt en sjanse til å slukke. Men nesten eksplosjonsartet bredte brannen seg i det tørre høyet. (...) Siden var det å stå i kjede og lempe vannbøtter til brannpumpa. Bygdefolk var kommet i stort antall for å hjelpe, og fanger og sivile gjorde sin innsats i skjønn forening. Tyskerne hadde skjerpet vaktholdet, soldater var postert rundt hele brannstedet. Tross dette greide vi fanger, etter invitasjon av fru Brattaas på skolehjemmet, etter tur å lure oss inn på kjøkkenet til en tallerken deilig varm kjøttsuppe. Låven med fjøs og stall ble totalskadd, noen mindre hus ble berget. Dagen etter skrev den nazifiserte Adresseavisen om en enestående hjelp fra tyske soldater under slukkingen. Jeg for min del så ingen tyskere som hjalp til. Deres innsats bestod i å hindre oss i å rømme."
November 4th 1942 a fire broke out on the premises of the reformative school near the camp area. Frank Storm Johansen tells:
"The old barn burnt down one day in November. I was in the barn along with 3 or 4 fellow prisoners. We were threshing when one of the boys shouted: Fire! We ran up on the trap door and Skodje and I could see smoke on the inner floor. If we had a tarp available, we could have had a chance to stop the fire. But almost explosively the fire spread in the dry hay. (...) Afterwards we formed a chain heaving water buckets to the fire pump. Locals came in large numbers to help, and prisoners and civilians made their efforts together. The Germans had strengthened security and soldiers were posted around the fire area. Despite this we managed one by one to go into the kitchen for a plate of delicious hot soup, at the invitation of Mrs. Brattaas. The barn and stables were completely destroyed, but some smaller houses were saved. The next day the pro-Nazi newspaper Adresseavisen wrote about outstanding help from German soldiers in extinguishing the fire. I, however, didn't see any Germans helping. Their effort consisted in preventing us from escaping. "
The picture above is taken in the 1930s and shows the premises of the reformative school. The barn which burnt down in 1942 is in the foreground.
25.10.2010
43: Ingeniør Kuløy
Gratulasjonsheftet ble gitt til Falstadsenterets samling av Kuløys familie i 2008, sammen med flere andre gjenstander. Blant disse var en byste, som familien fikk laget til minne om Knut i 1946. Bysten er utformet av billedhugger Leirdal.
Engineer Knut Kuløy arrived Falstad May 25th 1943. He was arrested in February along with a number of students and others affiliated with resistance groups at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH) in Trondheim. At Falstad, he became the construction manager for the new commander's residence east of the camp. On October 29th 1943 he turned 29 and in this occasion his fellow prisoners a booklet for him with poems and cartoons. This page from the booklet shows Kuløy's characteristic long figure wearing a prisoner coat. In December the same year, Kuløy and many other prisoners were sent to Germany. He was imprisoned in Sachsenhausen and later in Bergen-Belsen, where he died in shortly before liberation.
The booklet was given to the Falstad Centre's collection by Kuløy's family in 2008, along with several other items. Among these was a bust, made in memory of Knut in 1946. The bust was designed by sculptor Leirdal. The Falstad Centre also recieved the coat that Knut Kuløy wore at Falstad. When he was sent to Germany, his sister met him at the station in Trondheim to give him a warmer coat. She kept the coat from Falstad and other items until her death in 2008.
19.10.2010
42: Renbjørs bilder fra Falstadskogen
Per Renbjørs fotosamling er i dag hos Levanger Museum.
Onsdag 20. oktober arrangerer Falstadsenterets venneforening en minnekveld hvor Renbjørs bilder fra 2. verdenskrig er tema. Foredragsholder er Nils Torske fra Levanger Museum. Nærmere informasjon på Falstadsenterets nettsider.
This picture was taken in the Falstad forest in the summer 1945, shortly before victims of the so called Majavatn case were exhumed from grave no. 30. The picture is taken by the photographer Per Renbjør from Levanger.
Today, Per Renbjør's photography collection is in the archives of Levanger Museum.
On October 20th the association Falstadsenterets venneforening arranges a meeting, where Renbjør's WW2 photos are presented. The lecture is given by Nils Torske, Levanger Museum. More information (in Norwegian only) at the Falstad Centre's website.
11.10.2010
41: Grab 3
Innskriften "1731/303 GRAB 3" tilsier at skiltet stammer fra et gravsted. Vi kan anta at 303 viser til Mannschaftsstamm- und Straflager (Stalag) nr. 303 som befant seg på Jørstadmoen ved Lillehammer. Nummeret 1731 viser trolig til fangenummer, men det har så langt ikke vært mulig å identifisere mannen i grav nr. 3.
This wooden sign was given to the Falstad Centre's collection in 2008 by a son of the former prisoner Falstad Harald F. Olsen. He did not know the object's history, but assumed that it was from World War II.
The inscription "1731/303 GRAB 3" indicates that the sign has been a grave marker. We can assume that 303 refers to Mannschaftsstamm-und Straflager (Stalag) No. 303 which was located at Jørstadmoen near Lillehammer. The number 1731 is most likely the prisoner number, but so far it has not been possible to identify the man in grave No. 3.
04.10.2010
40: Unntakstilstanden
Den 6. oktober 1942 erklærte Josef Terboven unntakstilstand i Midt-Norge. I løpet av tre dager ble det avsagt og fullbyrdet dødsdom over 34 nordmenn på Falstad. 24 av dem var tatt i forbindelse med avsløringen av en gruppe våpensmuglere ved Majavatn i Nordland. Fange nr. 86, Kåre Uri, forteller:
"Og unntakstilstanden... plutselig fikk vi beskjed om at ingen skulle ut av leiren. Så oppdaget vi veldig mange vakter rundt leiren. Og så ble det ropt opp, på oppstilling så ble det ropt opp femten mann, alle fra Majavatn. Og de ble stilt opp på balustraden under bevoktning. Og vi andre fikk arbeide i leiren. Og de her Majavatnkarane de forsvant da inn i gymnastikksalen hvor det var standrett, og de kom ut igjen etterpå, og seinere ble de plassert på celle. Vi arbeidet da over gymnastikksalen, og vi holdt på og rydda opp i gamle bolstere, stablet opp bolstere. Men når vi la øret ned til gulvet, så kunne vi delvis høre hva som foregikk. Nå hørte jeg ikke selv det, men jeg hørte av noen andre der at: zum Tode verurteilt, zum Tode verurteilt (dømt til døden). Og vi visste for så vidt da hva som foregikk. Om morgenen måtte vi marsjere rundt inne i gården og synge, antageligvis for å skjule eller kamuflere skuddsalvene."
On October 6, 1942 Josef Terboven declared state of emergency in mid-Norway. In the course of three days 34 Norwegians were sentenced to death at Falstad. 24 of them were taken in connection with the unveiling of a group of gun smugglers near Majavatn in Nordland. Prisoner No. 86, Kåre Uri tells:"And the state of emergency ... suddenly we were told that no one could go outside the camp area. Then we discovered a lot of guards around the camp. And then fifteen men were called up, all of them from Majavatn. And they were lined up on the balustrade under surveillance. And the rest of us were working in the camp. And the men from Majavatn disappeared into the gymnasium where the court-martial was held, and they came out again afterwards, and later they were placed in cells. At that time we worked in the room above the gymnasium, where we were stacking bolsters. But when we listened through the floor, we were able to partially hear what was going on. Now, I didn't hear it myself, but I heard from some of the others that: zum Tode verurteilt, zum Tode verurteilt (sentenced to death). And we knew at that time what was going on. In the morning we had to march around in the yard and sing, presumably to mute or camouflage the sound of gunfire".
27.09.2010
39: Fruktfat av hermetikkboks
Kaare Haake Petersen from Ballangen arrived Falstad on November 19th, 1944. On his 50th birthday, Januar 1, 1945, he was given this bowl from some of his fellow-prisoners. It’s made out of a tin can, where the sides are shredded and attached to a wire ring on top. Only four days later, on January 5, Kaare Petersen was sent to Grini, where he was imprisoned until Liberation. Kaare Hake Petersen's daughter Gunnhild Kirkbak gave the bowl to the Falstad Centre's archives in 2008.
20.09.2010
38: Borghild Bjørgums bunad
En av disse lokale hjelperne var Borghild Bjørgum som bestyrte telefonsentralen på Ekne. Etter krigen ga falstadfanger fra Ålesund uttrykk for sin takknemlighet ved å forære henne denne Sunnmørs-bunaden.
During the war, the local community around Falstad prison camp played a significant role for the prisoners. Among other things they arranged large-scale smuggling of letters, packages and food. They also provided transportation and accommodation for the prisoners’ relatives when visiting them in the camp.
One of these local helpers was Borghild Bjørgum who administered the telephone switchboard at Ekne. After the war, Falstad prisoners from Ålesund expressed their gratitude towards her by giving her this bunad (national costume) from Sunnmøre.
13.09.2010
37: Brakkene bygges
Denne tegningen er laget av Leif Hallesby (1908–1945). Han satt på Falstad fra desember 1942 fram til mai 1944, da han ble satt på transport til Oslo og videre til Tyskland. Han ble frigjort våren 1945, men døde på Katrineholm i Sverige før han rakk å komme hjem.
Under oppholdet på Falstad lagde Hallesby en rekke tegninger som gir et unikt innblikk i leirens dagligliv og utviklingen av leirområdet. Skissen over viser bygging av fangebrakke nr. 2 som ble reist i september 1943. Brakkene ble oppført da fangebelegget økte, og det ikke lenger var plass i hovedbygningen.
This drawing is made by Leif Hallesby (1908–1945). He was prisoner at Falstad from December 1942 until May 1944, when he was sent to Oslo and further to Germany. He was liberated in spring 1945, but died at Katrineholm in Sweden before he reached Norway.
During the stay at Falstad Hallesby made a series of drawings that give us a unique insight into the daily life in the camp as well as the development of the camp area. This sketch shows the construction of the prison barrack no. 2, which was erected in September 1943. The prison barracks were built when the number of prisoners increased, and there was no longer room for all of them in the main building.
06.09.2010
36: Maleren Sergej Grabovskij
Flere av maleriene i Falstadsenterets samling er malt av Grabovskij, som var maler av yrke. Det ser ut til at den tyske leirledelsen raskt ble oppmerksom på hans evner, og bestilte malerier av ham.
Motivet for dette bildet er en type statuett som det ble produsert flere av i leirens snekkerverksted.
Student Kaja Steffenak har omtalt Grabovskij i sin nettpresentasjon av malerisamlingen.
This picture is made by prisoner no. 2128, Sergey Grabovsky (Сергей Грабовский) born in 1910. He was a Soviet prisoner of war who came to Falstad in August 1944. He was imprisoned until Liberation in May 1945.
Several paintings in the Falstad Centre's collection are made by Grabovsky, who was a painter by profession. It appears that the German camp management quickly became aware of his abilities, and commissioned paintings from him.
The motive for this picture is a statuette. Such statuettes were produced in the camp's carpentry workshop.
Student Kaja Steffenak mentions Grabovsky in her web presentation of the centre’s collection of paintings (in Norwegian only).
30.08.2010
35: Smedgjengen på Falstad
Dette bildet er tatt sommeren 1944 og viser smedgjengen i Falstad fangeleir. Fra venstre ser vi rørlegger Roy Gjørtz, samt smedene Ole Kjennerud, Gunvald Engelstad, Arvid Alstad og Tormod Hegdal. Bildet er tatt ved smia på Falstad skolehjem, et par hundre meter fra selve leirområdet.
I intervju i 1996 fortalte Arvid Alstad:
”Jeg var jo smed, så jeg gikk jo hver dag utenfor leiren og ned i smia. (...) Jeg hadde jo den fordelen at jeg kunne bære inn en masse pakker. Jeg ble aldri ransaket. Det var mange tyskere som var nede i smia og fikk hjelp av meg. Jeg vet ikke hvor mange nøkler jeg laget til dem. For det var jo sånn nøkkelmangel i Tyskland. Og så kom de med blikkbokser. De hadde vært på bygda og fått tak i mat, og så loddet jeg igjen boksene, sånn at de sendte dem hjem til Tyskland.”
This picture was taken in the summer of 1944 and shows a group of prisoners in Falstad prison camp. From the left we see the plumber Roy Gjørtz and smiths Ole Kjennerud, Gunvald Engelstad, Arvid, and Alstad Tormod Hegdal. The picture was taken near the smithy at the Falstad reformative school, located a few hundred meters away from the camp area.
In an interview in 1996 Arvid Alstad said the following:
"I was a blacksmith, so every day I went outside the camp and down to the smithy (...) I had the advantage that I could smuggle a lot of packages. I was never checked. There were many Germans who were down in the smithy and got help from me. I do not know how many keys I made for them. They lacked keys in Germany. And then they came with tin cans. They got food from the nearby farms, and I closed the cans, so they could sent them home to Germany."
23.08.2010
34: Landssvikfangenes revy
Falstad var i mai 1945 omgjort fra tysk SS-leir til norsk landssvikleir for mistenkte og dømte NS-medlemmer og kollaboratører. Etterkrigsleirens historie demonstrerer utfordringene det norske samfunnet sto overfor i overgangen fra diktatur og rettsløshet til demokrati.
Ved framføringen av nyttårsrevyen 1947 dukket en representant fra Politi- og justisdepartementet opp på inspeksjon i leiren. Han reagerte sterkt på forestillingen og hevdet at den inneholdt nazipropaganda og var en latterliggjøring av rettsoppgjøret og av norske myndigheter. Tittelen ble forstått som en kritikk av oppgjøret og de konsekvensene det fikk for de som ble dømt som kollaboratører og landssvikere.
Sketsjen ”Is og silke” var særlig provoserende. ”Is-fronten”, som viste til de som krevde en hard og streng behandling av de landssvikdømte, ble her representert av en mann som var kledd i saueskinnsjakke og oppførte seg som en idiot. ”Silke-fronten”, som viste til de som talte for en forsonlig linje, var representert av en person som så svak og latterlig from ut. En tredje skikkelse var den norske frontkjemperen, som entret scenen med stor selvtillit og framsto som situasjonens herre. Inspektøren krevde umiddelbart at stykket måtte sensureres. Men fengselsdirektør Bugge svarte at han ikke praktiserte sensur, og at fangene selv sto ansvarlig for forestillingens innhold.
Bildet over er tatt av en fange i leiren, og er hentet fra fengselsdirektør Bugges album.
In January 1947 the prisoners in Innherad tvangsarbeidsleir (Innherad prison camp for Norwegian collaborators) produced and played a New Year’s revue at Falstad. The title of the revue was “§1000”, referring to article no. 100 of the Norwegian Constitution, concerning freedom of speech.
In May 1945 the German SS camp at Falstad was turned into a Norwegian prison for members of the Norwegian Nazi party and collaborators. The history of the post-war camp demonstrates the challenges faced by the Norwegian society in the transition from dictatorship to democracy.
On the day of performance an inspector from the Norwegian Ministry of Police and Justice turned up, and was invited to look. He did not approve of this activity, and he claimed that the revue contained Nazi propaganda and that it made the post-war trials and the Norwegian authorities look ridiculous. The title was understood as a critique of the post-war trials and of their consequences for those convicted of being collaborators and traitors.
The comedy sketch “Is og silke” (Ice and silk) was particularly provoking. The “ice front”, referring to those who after the war advocated a very harsh and strict policy towards the convicts, was represented by a man dressed in a sheepskin jacket and acting like an idiot. The “silk front”, referring to those who advocated a policy of reconciliation, was represented by persons looking week and ridiculously pious. A third figure was the Norwegian SS volunteer (who had been fighting alongside the Germans on the East front) entering the scene with great confidence and acting like the master of the situation. After seeing this sketch the inspector from the Ministry demanded that the play be censored. But the prison governor responded that he did not practice censorship of the prisoners’ plays and that they themselves were responsible for the content.
The photograph above is taken by one of the prisoners, and is copied from an album that belonged to the prison governor Bugge.
16.08.2010
33: Modellen av fangeleiren
8. mai 1986, på årsdagen for åpningen av det første Falstad museum, fikk museet overrakt en modell av Falstad-leiren. Den var laget av tidligere falstadfange Georg Larsen på grunnlag av fotografier og egne minner, og gir et godt oversiktsbilde av leirområdet ved frigjøringen i mai 1945. Fra 1995 var modellen en del av museumsutstillingen i murbygget på Falstad, og fra 2006 har den inngått i Falstadsenterets utstilling "Ansikt til ansikt".
On May 8th 1986, the year after the first Falstad museum was opened, the museum was given a model of the Falstad Camp. The model is made by former Falstad prisoner Georg Larsen, and gives a good impression of the camp area the way it looked in May 1945. From 1995 the model was part of the museum exhibition in the brick building at Falstad, and since 2006 it has been part of the Falstad Centre's exhibition "Face to Face".
10.08.2010
32: Utkast til særavdeling
I Falstadsenterets arkiv finnes en rekke tegninger etter trondheimsarkitekten Claus Johannesen Hjelte (1884-1969) laget til ulike byggeprosjekt ved Falstad skolehjem. Blant disse er en serie utkast til særavdelingen, som seinere skulle tas i bruk av den tyske SS-leiren. Bygningen ble påbegynt i 1921, og sto i følge branntakster ferdig i 1924.
Tegningen over viser forslag til rominndeling i andre etasje. Det endelige resultatet avvek en god del fra dette utkastet, men soveavdelingen (nederst) ble ikke ulik den vi ser på tegningen. Denne avdelingen var et element hentet direkte fra fengselsarkitektur. Her skulle elevene sove i små rom på ca 2 kvadratmeter, og overvåkes fra vaktrom i endene av korridoren. I hver dør var det glassruter, som slapp minimalt med dagslys inn fra korridoren. Soverommene ble i krigsårene anvendt som fangeceller.
The Falstad Centre archives holds a series of drawings made by the architect Claus Johannesen Hjelte (1884-1969) for various projects at Falstad. Among these is a series of drafts for a special department of the reformative school. This building, erected 1921-24, was later to be used by the German SS camp.
The drawing above shows the proposed plan for the first floor. The final result differed quite a lot from this draft, but the sleeping department (bottom) was not unlike the one we see on the drawing. This department was directly inspired by prison architecture. Here the pupils were to sleep in small rooms of about 2 square meters, and were guarded from the staff rooms in each end of the hallway. In the doors there were windows, which let minimal natural light in from the hallway. The sleeping rooms were used as prisoner cells during the war years.
03.08.2010
31: Arrestasjonsårsak: Kongeblomst
The registers from Vollan prison in Trondheim show that on August 3rd 1942 a number of persons were arrested for "Blumenträger" (wearing flower) or "Demonst. b. norw. König" (demonstration for the Norwegian king). August 3rd was His Majesty King Haakon VII’s 70th birthday. From London the Norwegian people were encouraged to demonstrate their sympathy for the king by wearing a flower on their clothes that day. All over the country people followed this request, and the next day Meldungen aus Norwegen (German messages from Norway) stated that 538 persons had been arrested for wearing flowers. 53 of them were arrested in Trondheim, and over 30 were transferred to Falstad a few days later.
26.07.2010
30: Skolehjemsguttenes smijernslampe
The Falstad Boarding School for delinquent boys had several workshops where the boys were put to work. Most of the work consisted in the repair of appliances, clothing and shoes. Early accounts from the school’s headmaster states clearly what the purpose was: "The aim of the workshop activities is not to educate the boys into professionals, but to give them something to do, especially during winter, to develop their handiness, and provide them with skills that might be of benefit to them and to the institution”. Originally, the workshop's main objective was to keep the boys occupied, but eventually there was greater focus on real work training. Besides, the production gave the school a certain income, as we can see from the ad for wrought iron works and wooden items in the school magazine in 1938. This wrought iron lamp is a typical example of pupil work from the Falstad Boarding School.
19.07.2010
29: Nevermos slåsshanske
Nesten femti år senere befant tidligere falstadfange Birger Evensen seg i selskap med Martens’ svigersønn, og kom i prat med ham. Da han hørte at han hadde hytte på Haugnesset, fortalte Evensen om medfangen Rolf Nevermos flukt i 1943:
Nevermo hadde den gang fått arrangert rømning med hjelp fra Hjemmestyrkene i Verdal. For å forhindre at vaktmannskapet satte i gang leting etter ham, og for å skape minst mulig ubehageligheter for de andre fangene i leiren, bestemte Nevermo seg for å få flukten til å se ut som en drukningsulykke. Blant medfangene plantet han noen dager før en historie om at han hadde vært ved Haugnesset for å bade, men vært uheldig å miste klokka si. Han lot dem tro at han aktet å ta en ny tur, for å dukke etter klokka. På fluktdagen la Nevermo klærne sine pent bak en knaus i fjæra, før han steg ombord i en båt som var sendt av Hjemmestyrkene. Da klærne ble funnet var både vakter og fanger i leiren overbevist om at Nevermo var druknet. Bare Birger Evensen hadde en anelse om at det kunne dreie seg om flukt, for han hadde oppdaget at en slåsshanske som Nevermo og han hadde funnet og gjemt bort på et sikkert sted i leiren plutselig var forsvunnet.
I 1995 ble slåsshansken overlevert til Falstad Museum gjennom Birger Evensen.
These brass knuckles were found by the sea at Haugnesset near Ekne in the summer 1945. Former Falstad prisoner Ketil Martens found this site suitable for his summer house, which was built this summer. Nobody in the family knew the history of the brass knuckles, but they were placed on the mantelpiece in the cabin.
Almost fifty years later former Falstad prisoner Birger Evensen was at a party together with Martens' son-in-law. When Evensen heard about the Martens family's cabin at Haugnesset, he told about his fellow prisoner Rolf Nevermo's escape from Falstad in 1943:
Nevermo's escape was arranged with help from the Resistance in Verdal. To prevent the guards searching for him, and to create the least possible inconvenience for the other prisoners in the camp, Nevermo made it look like a drowning accident. A few days earlier he told other prisoners that he had been swimming near Haugnesset, but had lost his watch. He let them believe that he intended to go there again, to look for the watch in the water. On the day of escape he put his clothes behind a rock near the sea, before he entered a boat that was sent by the Resistance. When his clothes later were found, both the guards and prisoners were convinced that Nevermo had drowned. Only Birger Evensen suspected Nevermo had escaped, because the brass knuckles he and Nevermo had found and hidden away had disappeared.
In 1995 the brass knuckles were given to Falstad Museum.
12.07.2010
28: Falstad Pottery
Hør Hans Grinde fortelle om keramikkverkstedet i den digitale fortellingen ”Die Töpferei”.
In autumn 1943 the building of a new Commander’s House east of the camp had only just started. As the work progressed, it turned out that the ground contained blue clay. Commander Werner Jeck had the idea of producing pottery in the Falstad Camp. Some of the prisoners, among them the student Hans Grinde, were commissioned to find out whether the blue clay could be used. After a successful test production, the pottery was built, and from spring 1944 until Liberation a considerable amount of objects was produced. The prisoners experimented with glaze and decoration, and the objects were marked with the monogram ”Falstad Pottery”. Several prisoners hid some of the items they produced, and after the liberation held onto them as mementos or gave them as presents to family members and friends. Many of the objects still exist, some in private homes, others in the Falstad Centre collection.
05.07.2010
27: Fra hage til Hofen
I begynnelsen var dette atriet et skjermet uteområde hvor skolehjemmet anla en hage (Bilde 1). Bjørka sto her før bygningen ble oppført, og er inntegnet som "gammel bjørk" på de første planene for hageanlegget. Da tyske myndigheter overtok murbygningen ble gress og busker fjernet, og hagen omdannet til appellplass og luftegård for de første fangene (Bilde 2). Den var også i bruk til lufting og gymnastikk under Innherad tvangsarbeidsleir (Bilde 3).
Rommets karakter ble vesentlig forandret ved ombyggingen til spesialskole omkring 1950. Kobbhusene på taket ble fjernet, og loftsetasjen omgjort til en full andre etasje. På 1970-tallet ble de smårutete vinduene erstattet med sprosseløse glassflater. Ved renovering av bygningen fram mot 2006 ble det igjen satt inn nye vinduer, denne gangen med sprosser. Veggene ble malt gule og en ny hovedinngang med rullestolrampe lagt på skrå inn i gårdsrommets østre vegg. Av hensyn til rampen ble bakkenivået i gårdsrommet hevet.
Rommet har gått under mange ulike betegnelser. Arkitekt Hjelte omtalte det som "klostergården" i noen av sine notater fra 1920-tallet. Blant fanger i den tyske fangeleiren ble begrepet "Hofen" brukt, en fornorsking av det tyske "Hof" - gårdsplass. Tidligere fanger og andre har også kalt rommet for borggården.
The atrium at Falstad is regarded as one of the most authentic rooms from the building’s war history. The arcade, the birch and the tower are elements that have been left almost unchanged through the building's various epochs. Other parts of the room have undergone major changes, both before, during and after the war.
In the beginning, this was a secluded area where the reformative school had a garden (picture 1). The birch existed before the building was erected, and is marked as "old birch" in the first plans for the garden. When German authorities occupied the building grass and shrubs were removed, and the garden was turned into an appeal court for the first prisoners (picture 2). After the war it was also used for gymnastics by prisoners in Innherad tvangsarbeidsleir – a forced labour camp for collaborators (picture 3).
The room's character was changed when the building was turned into a school around 1950. The attic windows were removed, and the loft converted into a full first floor. In the 1970s, the small-paned windows were replaced with large window panes without crossbars. During renovation of the building before 2006 the windows were changed once again, the walls were painted yellow and a new main entrance with a wheelchair ramp was added to the east wall of the atrium.
The room is known under different names. Architect Hjelte described it as the "cloister" in some of his notes from the 1920s. Among the prisoners in the German prison camp, the term "Hofen" was used, referring to the German term "Hof". The term “borggård” – courtyard – has been used both by former prisoners and others.
28.06.2010
26: «Kjeppan med dødningehau»
Flere tidligere falstadfanger har fortalt om bruk av kjepper med dødninghode ved mishandling av fanger. I Falstadsenterets arkiv fins dette utskårne hodet. Kan det stamme fra en slik kjepp?
«They hit him with the sticks. They had got these sticks, you know, with skulls on the handle. They had ordered some prisoners, I believe Russian prisoners, to carve it. Some of them were very good at these things.»
Several former Falstad prisoners have told that sticks with carved skulls were used when the prisoners were tortured. Could this carved head from the Falstad Centre's archives have been part of such a stick?
21.06.2010
25: Capo Bustenskjold
14.06.2010
24: Gravene i Falstadskogen
07.06.2010
23: Et kamera smuglet inn i leiren
Til venstre: Johannes Hoseth. Til høyre: Ingvald B. Jacobsen, Ludvig Sivertsen og Asbjørn Lie.
Left: Johannes Hoseth. Right: Ingvald B. Jacobsen, Ludvig Sivertsen and Asbjørn Lie.
01.06.2010
22: Skolehjemmets postkasse
I Falstadsenterets samlinger finnes noen få spor etter denne delen av stedets historie. Et av disse er denne postkassen som ble brukt ved frakt av post mellom skolehjemmet og bygdas postkontor. Gutter fra skolehjemmet ble jevnlig sendt til postkontoret for å avlevere og hente post med postkassen på ryggen. Kun skolehjemsbestyreren og postkontoret hadde nøkkel til hengelåsen.
Before the German SS camp was established the brick building was used by a reformative school for delinquent boys. When the German authorities seized the building the school moved all its activity to its main building at a nearby farm.
There are very few traces of the school history in the Falstad archives. This mail-box was used to carry mail between the school and the local post office. Boys from the school brought mail to and from the post office carrying the mail-box as a rucksack. Only the headmaster and the post office had keys to the lock.
25.05.2010
21: Vaktmannens album
Disse fotografiene ble tatt i Falstad fangeleir i årene 1944-45 av en tysk vaktmann (første bilde), som vi så langt kun kjenner ved initialene E.W. eller C.W.
These photographs were taken in Falstad prison camp in 1944-45 by a German guard (picture 1), only known by his initials E.W. or C.W.
17.05.2010
20: «Et verdig minnesmerke over de falne»
Odd Hilt var billedhugger ved Nidaros domkirkes restaureringsarbeider, og var fange på Falstad i 1942. I desember 1942 ble han overført til Vollan i Trondheim, og derfra rømte han nyttårsaften over til Sverige. Der begynte han å lage skisser som skulle vise motstandskampen i Norge. En av disse skissene ble brukt som utgangspunkt for monumentet i Falstadskogen. Bildet øverst viser et av Hilts tidlige utkast, som nå befinner seg i Falstadsenterets samling.
I 1947 ble det ferdige monumentet avduket av HKH Kronprins Olav. Om symbolikken sa Hilt senere: «De tyske soldatene som står med skuddklare gevær, er laget uten ansikter. De representerer den uniformerte krigsmaskinen som bare lystrer ordre. Mot dem står kjempende mennesker. Forrest står en uredd mann. Det kan godt være en jugoslav eller russer. Menn som uredd tok opp kampen. Bak står noen kamerater, kanskje litt engstelige, men alle klare til å gi alt – for frihet og fred. Bak soldatene er vegetasjonen borte. Alt er goldt og øde. Over mennene som skal skytes, gror det. Det gir håp tross alt.» (Arbeider-Avisa 29. oktober 1984).
On May 24th 1945 the newspaper Arbeider-Avisen wrote: ”A couple of days ago Arbeider-Avisen published an insertion from Trygve Aakervik, who proposes to erect a monument to the prisoners who were executed an buried in the marsh near Falstad. Aakervik mentioned that the ex-prisoner and sculptor Odd Hilt should be asked to make the monument”.
Odd Hilt worked as a sculptor at the Restoration Workshop of the Nidaros Cathedral, and was imprisoned at Falstad in 1942. In December 1942 he was transferred to Vollan prison in Trondheim, and on New Year’s Eve he managed to escape to Sweden. In Sweden he started to make sketches with motifs from the resistance in Norway. Today’s monument in the Falstad Forest is based upon one of these sketches. The picture above shows an early model of the monument, now part of the Falstad Centre’s collections.
In 1947 the final monument was unveiled by His Royal Highness Crown Prince Olav of Norway. Hilt later explained the symbolic of the monument: ”The German soldiers with their guns raised, are pictured without faces. They represent the war machinery that just follows orders. In front of them are resistance fighters. The first of them is a man without fear. He might well be a Yugoslav or a Russian. Men who fought without fear. Behind him are his comrades, maybe a little anxious, but all of them ready to fight – for Freedom and Peace. Behind the soldiers there is no vegetation. The landscape is barren and desolate. Over the men who are going to be executed, vegetation grows. There is hope after all”.
10.05.2010
19: Arvid Alstad forteller om Ljuban Vuković
I dette filmklippet fra 1994 forteller Arvid Alstad (falstadfange nr.1) om medfangen Ljuban Vuković, den tyske leirledelsens faste graver i Falstadskogen. Alstad er intervjuet av Sverre Krüger (Nova Vision).
Hittil er det gjennomført intervjuer med ca. 200 falstadfanger. Våren 2010 har vi satt i gang et landsomfattende og internasjonalt intervjuprosjekt, for å samle inn fangers minner fra tysk fangenskap på norsk jord. Les mer om intervjuprosjektet på vår hjemmeside.
In this video from 1994 Arvid Alstad (Falstad prisoner no. 1) tells about his fellow prisoner Ljuban Vuković, who dug the graves in the Falstad forest on orders from the German camp administrators. The interview is made by Sverre Krüger (Nova Vision).
He tells that Ljuban came to Falstad in 1942 together with three other Yugoslavian prisoners. The three others has tuberculosis and died at Falstad. Ljuban stayed, and became the one who dug the graves together with two Russian prisoners when there were executions in the Falstad forest. Alstad also tells that Ljuban draw a map showing the location of the graves. That way he was able to help finding the graves after Liberation. Alstad then tells that one day in 1943 he himself was picked out among the prisoners and that Ljuban had dug a grave that was meant for him and four others. For some reason the plans were changed and the grave was never used.
So far about 200 interviews have been made with former Falstad prisoners. This spring we have initiated a national and international interview project, in order to collect former prisoners' memories from German prison camps in Norway. Read more about the project.
07.05.2010
18: Dagbok fra maidagene (6/6)
"Mandag: Hele Europas frihetsdag: Det er overskya oppholdsvær, og ganske god luft. I 11tia kommer det første rykte om kap., og i 2tia kommer det sikkre meldinger om kap. (Middagsmat fiskepølse) Vi vet ikke sikkert vordan det ligger an, noen sier kap[itulasjon] for Norges vedkommende ved general Røhme, til den Norske regjering, mens andre sier total kap[itulasjon] for alle makter. Jeg er inne i salen, kl. er 17.05 da kommer rop inn i br[akka] at et hvitt flagg er heist på en gård i nærheten. Vi forstår (det var sikkert også for å vise oss) at krigen er slutt. Vi trykker hverandres hender, og beskuer det vit[e] flag, alt i største glede. Kl 17.55 er jeg inne, da ropes det at det norske flagg er gått til tops. Vi løper til vinduet og får se det Norske flagg vaier fritt åver Norge. Og ikke lenge etter vaier det frie Norske flagg høit til tops på flere gårder rundt leiren. Freden er historisk kjennsgjerning. Stemningen er stor, kl nærmer sig ½ 7 og får siste gang er det oppstilling. Freden blir da forkynt av kapo Matisen etter årdre fra høieste hold. Dette budskap er vakkert formet, samtidig som det er appell til åss om å beholde ro og ården, vi kan fritt få synge fedrelandssangen å vise vår glede, bare ikke demonstrere mot tyskerne. En takk og hyldest både til Normenn og utlending, og etterpå takker Flem leirens ledelse. Og så synger vi de to første vers av Ja vi elsker. Hvoretter der utbringes et 3 x 3 hurra. Gratulasjonene og gleden fortsetter, og om en stun spiller hornmusikken i gårdsplassen, de innleder med Ja vi elsker, og vi synger med. Mellem hvert nr synger Russerne flerstemmig på den store sal, med solist. Vi gir tilkjenne vår glede for begges vedkommende, og en Russer kommer ut i vinduet og roper på flytende Norsk ”Leve det uavhengige Norge”. Sterke ord som blir mottatt med takk. Så spiller hornmusikken i indre gårdsplass, og etterpå framsier prest Nordervall et dikt. Sellefangene slippes ut, dog har det gått noen ruter i dørene der oppe. Jeg får da hanhilse både på lensmann Folstad, Odd Jørgenvåg, Johan Skjervoll og flere kjente, og er også en tur og betrakter gamle kjente selle 19. Vi blir så ropt til opstilling og Matisen leser en hilsen fra de Russiske kamerater som det er skrevet. Det er et ønske for oss, vårt folk og landets uavhengighet, alt viste de varme hjerter som lå bak. Det blei også lest en svarhilsen til de Russiske kammerater. (...)14 gårdbrukere fikk først pakke og reise, og så de som bor så nær til at de ikke er avhengig av transport. Til de forsk[jellige] arbeider er frivillige melt (Jeg) 34 tilsammen frivillig vakthold i tilfelle Tyskerne reiser før andre tropper kommer. Kl. er nu 2 timer inn i den 8. mai: Frihetens klokker er slagne."
This week we publish Falstad prisoner Sverre Ottar Faanes' day by day notes of the week before Liberation. May 7th 1945 he writes in his diary for the last time:
"Monday: The liberty day of all of Europe. The weather is is cloudy, and the air is nice. At 11am we get the first rumour of capitulation, and at 2pm the message is verified. (Dinner fish sausage). We don’t know for certain what is happening, some people say that there is a capitulation in Norway, whereas others say the capitulation is total. I am inside, at 5.05pm I hear someone shouting that a white flag has been hoisted at one of the farms nearby. We understand that the war is over. Filled with joy, we shake hands and watch the white flag. At 5.55pm I’m inside, when someone is calling that the Norwegian flag has been hoisted. We run towards the window, and get to see the Norwegian flag waving freely over Norway. Soon after, free Norwegian flags are waving at several farms around the camp. It’s a historical fact that we are free. The atmosphere is great, at 6.30pm we are called to appeal for the last time. Peace is then proclaimed by capo Mathisen on orders from the highest level. The message is beautifully articulated, and at the same time we are urged to maintain peace and order. We may freely sing the national anthem and show our joy, but not demonstrate against the Germans. A thanks and tribute to both Norwegians and foreigners, and afterwards Flem thanks the camp management. And then we sing one verse of "Ja vi elsker" [the national anthem]. And after we cheer. The congratulations and joy continue, and after a while brass music is played in the courtyard, the band starts off with the national anthem and we sing along. Between each song the Russians sing polyphonic in the great hall with a soloist. We express our joy for both parts, and one Russian appears in the window and shouts in fluent Norwegian "Leve det uavhengige Norge" [Long live the independent Norway]. Strong words that are gratefully received. Then the band continues playing in the courtyard, and afterwards reverend Nordervall reads a poem. The cell prisoners are released from their cells, some panes have been broken in their door windows. I shake hands with Folstad, Odd Jørgenvåg, Johan Skjervoll and several others, and I take a look at my old cell no. 19. Then we are called to appeal and Mathisen reads a message from the Russian comrades. They express a wish for us, for our people and for the country's independence, and the message demonstrates their warm hearts. A message in return from us to the Russians was read too. 14 farmers were the first to pack and leave, and then those of the prisoners living nearby the camp. Some of us (me) have volunteered for various tasks. 34 are volunteer guards in case the Germans leave before other troops arrive. It's now 2am May 8th: The bells toll for freedom."